For roughly two decades now, an unmistakable intercultural diversity has been leaving its mark also on contemporary German-language literature. By Klaus Hübner...
more
Under the appearance of democratic openness, the French referendum on the European constitution increasingly appears as a denial of democracy. It is taking the guise of a cloaked plebiscite by a president who since April 21, 2002 has no longer held sway with the French voters, and that despite the incontestable success of his foreign policy at the moment of the refusal of the Iraq War.
It is an open question whether this is a fault on Chirac's part, or an error of judgement. But the consequences of this ballot will be heavy regardless of the outcome on May 29. Tony Blair was the first to grasp this when he proposed call a halt to the British referendum, should the "non" carry the day in France.
But the damage is already done, and for one good reason: the practice of holding a referendum on such a subject is suicidal. It is an electoral absurdity that puts in question the political intelligence not only of the head of state, but also of his immediate entourage and communication advisers.
How can one vote "in full knowledge of the facts" on a text of some 500 pages, with over 400 articles? Who is the butt of jokes when the postal service has to deliver over 40 million copies of the European constitution to electors at their homes, and when ten or more books that set out the implications of the constitution in either positive or negative terms have become best-sellers?
To vote "oui" or "non", must you not only read a pensum that specialists of constitutional law have difficulty with, but also have a familiarity with these different "instructions", that are supposed to make things easier for voters? Is this absent-mindedness on the part of the head of state, or a social game aiming above all at dissimulating the dismays of a political class in view of globalisation, now that they have already lost control of domestic affairs?
To better understand the pseudo-democratic aberration of this referendum, let's engage in a little political fiction: let's imagine there will soon be a referendum on reproductive cloning in Europe, and that the citizens should express their views on this controversial topic. To this end, a 500-page textbook on molecular biology is sent to the hundreds of millions of citizens in the expanded European Union. Add to that a dozen treatises either supporting or rejecting the introduction of therapeutic cloning in Europe.
It's not hard to imagine the angry reaction of the average voter. "Are you kidding? I can't vote in full knowledge of the facts." The same goes for the constitution today, but no one says it.
Another manifest proof of this hijacking of the democratic process: the "non" vote has been openly stigmatised recently in France. The entire mass media, as well as the the political parties both on the Right and on the Left are all banking on the people's fears.
This unanimity of disapproval is a good illustration of the denial of democracy I mentioned above. What electoral legitimacy can a referendum practice have, when one of the choices is lambasted and insulted in the most vile terms by all of the political organisations and by the country's media apparatus?
If the finger can be pointed anywhere for this "blunder", it has to be directed at the absence of wisdom on the part of the president. But Jacques Chirac has forestalled this, by already declaring that he will not step down in case the "non" wins.
Finally, all of this illustrates how the ground is once more shifting. We are moving from a democracy of opinion toward a "democracy of public emotion", where what is desired of voters is less a free choice, a firm affirmation by a sovereign people, than a "limp consensus", a friendly solution in the name of a population subjected to all possible forms of brain washing after the excesses of the polls. In the meantime, after the progress of electronic democracy in real time, we are seeing the era of virtual democracy, inspired by the most outrageous marketing strategies, as exemplified by the election of the current governor of California.
*
The article was originally published in German in Die Zeit on 25 May, 2005.
Paul Virilio is a philosopher, social critic and urbanist. Chapter 5 of his latest book, "L'accident original", deals with public emotion in the electoral process. Professor emeritus at the Ecole spéciale d'architecture in Paris, Paul Virilio lives in La Rochelle. His books include Bunker Archaeology (1994 [1975]), Speed & Politics: An Essay on Dromology (1986 [1977]), and The Information Bomb (2000 [1998]).
Translation: jab.
RSS
Dragan Klaic arrived in Skopje on the day that Greece vetoed Macedonia's bid to join NATO at the summit in Bucharest. He found a nation reeling from this unexpected slap in the face.
No-one knows what the anti-Koran film 'Fitna' by the Dutch right-wing politician Geert Wilders contains exactly. But fearing Muslim anger many are ready to make concessions regarding the fundamental freedom of expression. Gelijn Molier looks to nineteenth century philosopher John Stuart Mill for advice.
The deportation of Romanians from Italy in the wake of a murder committed by an ethnic Roma has caused a stir in Romania. Yet whereas Romanians object to this discrimination abroad, they fail to see that at home the Roma are treated with nothing but hatred and disdain, and neither the Church nor the state is doing anything about it. By Mircea Cartarescu
Since the 19th century Ukrainians have been dreaming of a return to the paradise lost of Europe. But Ukraine's rich and painful history remains a blank spot in the European collective consciousness, or a mighty underground river flowing out of Europe's cellar, littered with corpses. By Oksana Zabuzhko
The Amsterdam district of Slotervaart, where Theo van Gogh's murderer lived, continues to be plagued by outbreaks of violence from youths in the immigrant communities. Many of their parents have withdrawn from what they perceive as the hostile outside world, which they invariably blame when their children go astray. By Margalith Kleijwegt
The sexual revolution has run itself aground on the back of standardisation and banality. It's time to fight Hefnerism with radicalisation not restriction, declares Dylan van Rijsbergen 
No sooner were the fires put out reelected the government that bore the than Greek votersbrunt of responsibility for the tragedy. Did those who suffered so much learn no lesson from their distress? Crime writer Petros Markaris looks at why the Greeks have failed to find their way out of the political crisis rocking their country. 
The third anti-porn campaign of the women's feminist magazine Emma is absolutely necessary and, at the same time, hopelessly old-fashioned. You can't use the tools of the 70s to fight the pornographication of today's market - at least not if you want to win. By Iris Radisch 
Russian journalist and Putin critic Grigori Pasko talks with Tobias Goltz about the North Stream Pipeline, Russia's state-controlled media and how his like-minded colleagues are dropping off like flies. 
The elites of East Germany lack orientation, as only the West has left its imprint on the power structure. Roland Mischke talks with political scientist Gunnar Hinck about imbalances and incompetences among East German leaders.